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Appendix D: PETITION ON HEALTH REFORMIn late 1994, members of the Health Policy Consensus Group developed and signed a petition identifying the problems created by the current tax treatment of employment-based health insurance. They invited economists and others to join them in signing it. The petition was circulated in late 1994 and early 1995 by Elizabeth Kern Terry and Consensus Group coordinator Grace-Marie Arnett, then president of Arnett & Co. health policy consultants. Accompanying the petition was a "Dear Colleague" letter explaining the rationale for the project. The "Dear Colleague" letter and Consensus Group petition follow, along with the names and affiliations of the signatories: Health Policy Consensus Group November 30, 1994
Dear Colleague:
The health care reform debate over the past two years has not yet produced a clear national consensus on policy solutions to address the fundamental problems in the health sector. The debate will continue next year, and we believe that the economic community can give it direction by identifying a key distortion that leads to many problems-the tax treatment of employment-based health insurance.
A diverse group of economists and health policy analysts has developed a petition to present a diagnosis of this problem, and we ask you to join us in signing it. This petition has been developed as a volunteer effort.
We would appreciate your reviewing the petition accompanying this letter. If you agree with it, we would be pleased if you would join us in signing it. We will use this petition to demonstrate the support in the economic community for addressing the inefficiencies in the health sector created by current tax law. We plan to publicize the petition in the national media along with the signatures we gather.
Please return the petition, with your signature, address, and affiliation, to the fax number or address listed on the petition. We want as many economists and health policy specialists as possible to participate in this effort. If you believe any of your colleagues would wish to sign it as well, please share the petition with them. Thank you for considering this important national policy issue. We look forward to receiving your reply at your earliest convenience.
Stuart Butler
The Heritage Foundation | Debra Miller
Center for Strategic and International Studies | John C. Goodman
National Center for Policy Analysis | William Niskanen
Cato Institute | Robert B. Helms
American Enterprise Institute | Robert Shapiro
Progressive Policy Institute |
Consensus Group PetitionPetition concerning the tax treatment of employment-based health insurance: Health Policy Reform: Diagnosing the Problem Reforming the tax treatment of health insurance is essential to creating a more efficient market for medical care and health insurance in the United States. Employment-based health benefits are actually part of employee compensation. However, these health benefits are not counted as income for tax purposes. This tax policy distorts the health care marketplace. It undermines cost consciousness by disguising the true cost of insurance and medical care to employees. It artificially supports increased demand for medical services and more costly insurance. As a result, inefficient health care delivery is subsidized at the expense of efficient delivery, and cash wages are suppressed. Further, the current tax law discriminates against the self-employed, the unemployed, and those whose employers do not offer health insurance. We support reforming the tax treatment of employment-based health insurance to promote a more efficient market in the health sector. We support restraining costs through competition and consumer incentives rather than through destructive methods such as price controls and limits on private spending set by government.
Petition Signatories The petition was developed and initially signed by Consensus Group members, including: | Arnett, Grace-Marie | Galen Institute | | Ferrara, Peter | Formerly, National Center for Policy Analysis | | Goodman, John C. | National Center for Policy Analysis | | Helms, Robert B. | American Enterprise Institute | | Hoff, John S. | Health policy attorney | | Kendall, David | Progressive Policy Institute | | McGeein, Marty | Formerly, National Council of Community Hospitals | | Miller, Debra L. | Strengthening of America Commission,
Center for Strategic and International Studies | | Moffit, Robert E. | The Heritage Foundation | | Pauly, Mark V. | Wharton School
University of Pennsylvania | | Tanner, Michael | Cato Institute |
The following economists are among those who signed the Consensus Group Petition (as of March 1995): | Alexeev, Michael | Indiana University | | Allen, John W. | Texas A&M University | | Allen, William R. | University of California at Los Angeles | | Allsbrook, Ogden O. | University of Georgia | | Anderson, Annelise | Hoover Institution | | Anderson, Terry L. | Montana State University | | Anderton, Charles H. | Holy Cross College | | Andreano, Ralph | University of Wisconsin-Madison | | Antel, John | University of Houston | | Aranson, Peter H. | Emory University | | Arnould, Richard J. | University of Illinois | | Austin, D. Andrew | University of Houston | | Baden, John A. | University of Washington and Foundation for Research
on Economics and the Environment | | Baetjer, Howard, Jr. | George Mason University | | Bailey, Martin J. | Emory University | | Baird, Charles W. | California State University at Hayward | | Baker, Samuel H. | College of William and Mary | | Baker, Charles D., Sr. | Northeastern University | | Balke, Nathan | Southern Methodist University | | Ball, Ray | University of Rochester | | Baltagi, Badi H. | Texas A&M University | | Barnum, Howard N. | The World Bank | | Baughaum, Marshal Alan | Federal Energy Regulatory Commission | | Bays, Carson W. | East Carolina University | | Bazzoli, Gloria J. | Hospital Research and Educational Trust | | Bean, Richard N. | University of Houston | | Benham, Lee | Washington University | | Berger, Mark C. | University of Kentucky | | Bittlingmayer, George | University of California at Davis | | Black, Dan A. | University of Kentucky | | Blomquist, Glenn C. | University of Kentucky | | Bogan, Elizabeth C. | Princeton University | | Bohanon, Cecil E. | Ball State University | | Borts, George H. | Brown University | | Boudreaux, Donald J. | Clemson University | | Bradford, David F. | Princeton University | | Breeden, Charles H. | Marquette University | | Brennen, Dennis | Harper College | | Bronfenbrenner, Martin | Duke University | | Brown, Douglas M. | Georgetown University | | Browne, Mark J. | University of Wisconsin-Madison | | Browning, Edgar K. | Texas A&M University | | Buchanan, James | George Mason University | | Burke, Thomas R. | The LaSalle Group | | Burstein, Philip L. | Workers' Compensation Research Institute | | Butler, Henry N. | University of Kansas | | Butler, Stuart M. | The Heritage Foundation | | Cagan, Phillip | Columbia University | | Caldwell, Bruce | University of North Carolina at Greensboro | | Calfee, John E. | American Enterprise Institute | | Cameron, Rondo | Emory University | | Chaloupka, Frank J., IV | University of Illinois at Chicago | | Chapman, Kenneth S. | California State University, Northridge | | Chappell, Henry W., Jr. | University of South Carolina | | Cheng, Wen-Yu | Marietta College | | Chiswick, Barry R. | University of Illinois at Chicago | | Chiswick, Carmel U. | University of Illinois at Chicago | | Clark, William M. | University of Oklahoma | | Clarkson, Kenneth W. | University of Miami | | Coats, R. Morris | Nicholls State University | | Coelho, Philip R. P. | Ball State University | | Cogan, John F. | Stanford University | | Conant, John | Indiana State University | | Coomes, Paul A. | University of Louisville | | Cosimano, Thomas F. | University of Notre Dame | | Craig, Steven G. | University of Houston | | Curran, Christopher | Emory University | | Daniel, Kermit | The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania | | Danielsen, Albert L. | University of Georgia | | Danzon, Patricia | University of Pennsylvania | | Dauterive, Jerry W. | Loyola University | | Davidson, Audrey B. | University of Louisville | | Davis, Michael L. | Southern Methodist University | | DeAlessi, Louis | University of Miami | | Decker, Sandra | New York University | | Delemeester, Gregory | Marietta College | | Derrick, Frederick W. | Loyola College (Maryland) | | DeVany, Arthur | University of California at Irvine | | Dobitz, Cliff P. | North Dakota State University | | Dowd, Bryan E. | University of Minnesota | | Dranove, David | Northwestern University | | Dunkelberg, William C. | School of Business and Management, Temple University | | Dvorak, Eldon J. | California State University at Long Beach | | Dwyer, Gerald P., Jr | Clemson University | | Edwards, Franklin | Columbia University | | Elliot, Evel | University of Texas at Dallas | | Ellis, John M. | University of California at Santa Cruz | | Ellwood, Paul M. | Jackson Hole Group | | Enthoven, Alain | Stanford University | | Entin, Stephen J. | Institute for Research on the Economics of Taxation | | Erickson, Edward W. | North Carolina State University | | Evans, Paul | The Ohio State University | | Famulari, Melissa | University of Texas | | Fand, David I. | George Mason University | | Feigenbaum, Susan | University of Missouri at St. Louis | | Feldman, Roger | University of Minnesota | | Feldstein, Paul J. | University of California at Irvine | | Finkler, Merton D. | Lawrence University | | Fishback, Price V. | University of Arizona-Tucson | | Frech, H. E., III | University of California at Santa Barbara | | Freund, Deborah | Indiana University | | Friedman, Milton | Hoover Institution | | Froeb, Luke | Vanderbilt University | | Gallaway, Lowell | Ohio University | | Galles, Gary M. | Pepperdine University | | Gardner, B. Delworth | Brigham Young University | | Garratt, Rod | University of California, Santa Barbara | | Gay, David E. R. | University of Arkansas | | Gaynor, Martin S. | Johns Hopkins University | | Geddes, R. Richard | Fordham University | | Getzen, Thomas E. | Temple University | | Giacalone, Joseph A. | St. John's University | | Gifford, Adam, Jr. | California State University, Northridge | | Gisser, Micha | University of New Mexico | | Glied, Sherry | Columbia University | | Goddeeris, John H. | Michigan State University | | Gohmana, Stephan F. | University of Louisville | | Goho, Thomas | Wake Forest University | | Goldhammer, Mark L. | Rutgers University | | Goldsmith, Scott | University of Alaska at Anchorage | | Goodman, Allen C. | Wayne State University | | Goodman, John C. | National Center for Policy Analysis | | Grabowski, Henry | Duke University | | Greene, Kenneth V. | Binghamton University | | Gresik, Thomas A | The Pennsylvania State University | | Griffin, James M. | Texas A&M University | | Grossman, Herschel | Brown University | | Gwartney, James | Florida State University | | Haberler, Gottfried | American Enterprise Institute | | Hahn, Robert | American Enterprise Institute | | Hamermesh, Daniel S. | University of Texas | | Hanke, Steve H. | The Johns Hopkins University | | Hansen, Robert G. | The Tuck School, Dartmouth College | | Hanson, John R., II | Texas A&M University | | Harsh, Michael D. | Randolph-Macon College | | Hegji, Charles E. | Auburn University at Montgomery | | Helms, Robert B. | American Enterprise Institute | | Henderson, David R. | Washington University | | Henderson, James W. | Baylor University, Henry W. Block School of Business and Public Administration | | Herren, Robert Stanley | North Dakota State University | | Hicks, Donald A. | University of Texas at Dallas | | Higgs, Robert | The Independent Institute | | Hill, P. J. | Wheaton College | | Hirshleifer, Jack | University of California at Los Angeles | | Hobbs, Bradley K. | Bellarmine College | | Hoffmeyer, Ullrich | National Economic Research Associates | | Hogan, Andrew J. | Michigan State University | | Holcombe, Randall G. | Florida State University | | Holt, Charles | University of Virginia | | Horowitz, John B. | Ball State University | | Horvath, Janos | Butler University | | Horwich, George | Purdue University | | Houston, Douglas | University of Kansas | | Hughes-Cromwick, Paul | Center for Research on Health Care
at the University of Pittsburgh | | Hunter, William J. | Marquette University | | Ihnen, Loren A. | North Carolina State University | | Ireland, Thomas R. | University of Missouri, St. Louis | | Jansen, Dennis W. | Texas A&M University | | Jensen, Gail A. | Wayne State University | | Johnson, Dennis A. | University of South Dakota | | Johnson, Ronald N. | Montana State University | | Johnson, Thomas | North Carolina State University | | Kamlet, Mark S. | Carnegie Mellon University | | Kaserman, David L. | Auburn University | | Kassouf, Sheen T. | University of California at Irvine | | Kauf, Teresa L. | University of California at Berkeley | | Kelley, Allen C. | Duke University | | Kenny, Lawrence W. | University of Florida | | Khorassani, Jacqueline | Marietta College | | Klein, Daniel B. | University of California at Irvine | | Kosters, Marvin | American Enterprise Institute | | Krol, Robert | California State University, Northridge | | Krouse, Clement G. | University of California at Santa Barbara Leadership Center | | Kushman, John E. | University of Delaware | | Lambrinos, James | Union College | | Lee, Bartholomew | Golden Gate University | | Lee, Dwight R. | University of Georgia | | Lee, Sang H. | Nicholls State University | | Leeds, Michael A. | Temple University | | Leyden, Dennis Patrick | University of North Carolina at Greensboro | | Libecap, Gary D. | University of Arizona | | Lindsay, C. M. | Clemson University | | Lipford, Jody W. | Presbyterian College | | Little, Mark | SAS Institute | | Liu, Gordon | University of Southern California | | Logue, Dennis E. | Dartmouth College | | Long, James E. | Auburn University | | Lott, John R. | University of Chicago and the University of Pennsylvania | | Lowenberg, Anton D. | California State University, Northridge | | Luwish, Hadassah Balsam | City University of New York | | Lyman, R. Ashley | University of Idaho | | Lynch, Michael | Pacific Research Institute | | Macaulay, Hugh | Clemson University | | Macey, Jonathan R. | Cornell University | | MacLeod, Gordon K., M.D. | University of Pittsburgh | | Makin, John H. | American Enterprise Institute | | Maltsev, Yuri N. | Carthage College | | Manning, Richard L. | Brigham Young University | | Margolis, Stephen E. | North Carolina State University | | Masten, Scott E. | University of Michigan | | Mathys, John | De Paul University | | Mayor, Thomas H. | University of Houston | | McCarthy, Thomas R. | National Economic Research Associates, Inc. | | McCloskey, Donald | University of Iowa | | McCombs, Jeffrey S. | University of Southern California | | McCormick, Robert E. | Clemson University | | McCracken, Paul W. | University of Michigan | | McGreevey, William | The World Bank | | McGuire, Martin C. | University of California at Irvine | | McLure, Charles E., Jr. | Hoover Institution | | Medwig, Thomas M. | St. Clair Hospital | | Meltzer, Allan H. | Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh | | Mennemeyer, Stephen T. | University of Alabama at Birmingham | | Mercer, Lloyd J. | University of California at Santa Barbara | | Michalak, Stanley J. | Franklin and Marshall College,
Milken Institute for Job and Capital Formation | | Miller, Debra L. | Strengthening of America Commission,
Center for Strategic and International Studies | | Miller, Mertom H. | University of Chicago | | Miller, Oscar | University of Illinois at Chicago | | Moberly, H. Dean | Auburn University at Montgomery | | Moore, Thomas G. | Hoover Institution | | Moore, William J. | Louisiana State University | | Moroney, John R. | Texas A&M University | | Morrisey, Michael A. | University of Alabama at Birmingham | | Morse, Jennifer Roback | George Mason University | | Mueller, Curt D. | Project HOPE | | Mullahy, John | Trinity College | | Muth, Richard F. | Emory University | | Newman, Robert | Louisiana State University | | Niskanen, William | The Cato Institute | | Noether, Monica | Abt Associates, Inc. | | Nunn, Geoffrey E. | San Jose State University | | Nyman, John | University of Minnesota | | O'Hara, David J. | Metropolitan State University | | Ohsfeldt, Robert | University of Alabama at Birmingham | | Olasky, Marvin | University of Texas at Austin | | Parkman, Allen M. | University of New Mexico | | Parsley, David C. | Vanderbilt University | | Pasour, E. C., Jr. | North Carolina State University | | Patton, Judd W. | Bellevue University | | Pauly, Mark V. | The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania | | Peden, Edgar A. | Health Care Financing Administration | | Peirce, William S. | Case Western Reserve University | | Peltzman, Sam | University of Chicago | | Peppers, Larry C. | Washington and Lee University | | Perfect, Steven B. | Florida State University | | Phillips, Kerk L | . Brigham Young University | | Pieper, Paul | University of Illinois at Chicago | | Pipes, Sally C. | Pacific Research Institute | | Porter, Philip | University of South Florida | | Poulson, Barry W. | University of Colorado | | Provenzano, George | University of Maryland, School of Medicine | | Raisian, John | Hoover Institution | | Ramsey, James B. | New York University | | Rasmusen, Eric | Indiana University | | Raza, M. Ali | California State University at Sacramento | | Reed, Robert | University of Oklahoma | | Reinhardt, Uwe | Princeton University | | Reynolds, Morgan O. | Texas A&M University | | Ricardo-Campbell, Rita | Hoover Institution | | Rieber, Michael | University of Arizona | | Roberts, Russell | Director of the Management Center, Washington University | | Rohacek, Jerry K. | University of Alaska at Anchorage | | Rose, David C. | University of Missouri, St. Louis | | Rosegger, Gerhard | Case Western Reserve University | | Rosko, Michael D. | Widener University | | Roth, Timothy P. | University of Texas at El Paso | | Rowen, Henry S. | Hoover Institution and Stanford University | | Rowley, Charles K. | George Mason University | | Rubin, Paul H. | Emory University | | Ruffin, Roy J. | University of Houston | | Sachs, Kevin D. | SUNY at Buffalo | | Sailors, Joel W. | University of Houston | | Sanchez, Nicolas | College of the Holy Cross | | Saues, Raymond D., Jr. | Clemson University | | Savas, E. S. | Baruch College, City University of New York | | Saving, Thomas R. | Texas A&M University | | Schansberg, D. Eric | Indiana University | | Schap, David | College of the Holy Cross School of Pharmacy | | Schuyler, Michael | Institute for Research on the Economics of Taxation | | Schwartz, Markis | Georgetown University | | Scott, Frank A., Jr. | University of Kentucky | | Scully, Gerald W. | University of Texas at Dallas | | Seldon, Barry J. | University of Texas at Dallas | | Shah, Parth J. | University of Michigan at Dearborn | | Shapiro, Robert | Progressive Policy Institute | | Shea, Dennis G. | Pennsylvania State University | | Shmanske, Stephen | California State University, Hayward | | Showalter, Mark H. | Brigham Young University | | Silvers, J. B. | Case Western Reserve University | | Simon, Julian L. | University of Maryland | | Slesnick, Frank | Bellarmine College | | Sloan, Frank A. | Duke University | | Slottje, Daniel | Southern Methodist University | | Smiley, William Gene | Marquette University | | Smith, Vernon L. | University of Arizona | | Sollars, David L. | Auburn University at Montgomery | | Spencer, Christine S. | Johns Hopkins University | | Spencer, David E. | Brigham Young University | | Stein, Herbert | American Enterprise Institute | | Steindl, Frank G. | Oklahoma State University | | Steuerle, C. Eugene | The Urban Institute | | Stoddard, Robert B. | Quintiles, Inc. | | Stratmann, Thomas | Montana State University | | Stroup, Richard L. | Montana State University | | Suiten, Mary C. | Center for Economics Education, University of Missouri, St. Louis | | Sumner, Daniel A. | University of California | | Svorny, Shirley | California State University, Northridge | | Tanner, Michael | The Cato Institute | | Terzq, Joseph V. | Pennsylvania State University | | Theroux, David J. | The Independent Institute | | Thies, Clifford F. | Shenandoah University | | Thompson, Henry | Auburn University | | Thornton, Mark | Auburn University | | Thurman, Walter N. | North Carolina State University | | Timberlake, Richard H. | University of Georgia | | Tollison, Robert D. | George Mason University | | Tomal, Annette | University of Illinois at Chicago | | Tower, Edward | Duke University | | Traxler, Herbert | U.S. Department of Health and Human Services | | Trejo, Stephen J. | University of California at Santa Barbara | | Trivoli, George W. | Jacksonville State University | | Troy, Leo | Rutgers University | | Tryon, Joseph L. | Georgetown University | | Tullock, Gordon | University of Arizona | | Ture, Norman B. | Institute for Research on the Economics of Taxation | | Twight, Charlotte | Boise State University | | Tybout, James R. | Georgetown University | | Utt, Ronald D. | The Heritage Foundation | | VanBeek, James | Blinn College | | Vander Linde, Scott H. | Calvin College | | Vitaliano, Donald F. | Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute | | Vogel, Ronald J. | University of Arizona | | Volpp, Kevin G. | The University of Pennsylvania | | Walden, Michael L. | North Carolina State University | | Wallace, T. Dudley | Duke University (Emeritus) | | Wallis, W. Allen | American Enterprise Institute; Past Chancellor, University of Rochester | | Walters, Stephen J. K. | Loyola College (Maryland) | | Waters, Teresa M. | Center for Health Services and Policy Research, Northwestern University | | Wedig, Gerard J. | The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania | | Weidenbaum, Murray | Washington University | | Weier, Andrew W. | Marshfield Medical Research Forum | | Welch, Finis | Texas A&M University | | Wenders, John T. | University of Idaho | | Werner, Herbert D. | University of Missouri, St. Louis | | Wessels, Walter J. | North Carolina State University | | Westbrook, M. Daniel | Georgetown University | | Wiggins, Steven N. | Texas A&M University | | Wilensky, Gail R. | Project HOPE; Former Director, Health Care Financing Administration | | Williams, Arthur R. | Cookingham Institute of Public Affairs | | Willis, Carla Y. | Abt Associates, Inc. | | Willis, J. F. | San Jose State University | | Wilson, Paul W. | University of Texas at Austin | | Wilson, R. Mark | University of South Florida | | Wolak, Frank A. | Stanford University | | Woodward, Robert S. | Washington University | | Wrase, Jeffrey M. | Brigham Young University | | Wyrick, Thomas L. | Southwest Missouri State University | | Zajac, Edward E. | University of Arizona | | Zupan, Mark | University of Southern California, School of Business Administration | | Zwanziger, Jack | University of Rochester | | Zycher, Benjamin | University of California at Los Angeles, Milken Institute |
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